Free Waste Land Essays: A New Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The crazy Land A New Understanding       The Waste Land, Eliots first long philosophical poem, can now be understand simply as it was written, as a poem of radical dubiousness and negation, urging that every human confide be stilled except the desire for self-surrender, for restraint, and for peace. Compared with the longing expressed in later poems for the eyes and the birth, the coming and the brothel keeper (in The Hollow Men, the Ariel poems, and Ash-Wednesday), the hope held out in The Waste Land is a negative hotshot. Following Hugh Kenners recommendation, we should lay to rest the persistent error of indicant The Waste Land as a poem in which quintette motifs predominate the nightmare journey, the Chapel, the Quester, the Grail Legend, and the Fisher King. The motifs are indeed introduced, as Eliots preliminary note to his text informs us, exclusively if (as this note says) the plan and a good deal of the incidental symbolism of the poem were suggested by take to the woods Jessie L. Westons book on the Grail legend, the plan can only throw off been to question, and even to propose a deportment without hope for, a quest, or Chapel, or Grail in the modern waste land. The themes of interior prison house and nightmare city--or the urban apocalypse elucidated by Kenner and Eleanor Cook--make a lot better common sense when seen as furnishing the centripetal plan and symbolism, especially when one follows Cooks discussion of the mutiny of all European cities after the First World War and the poems culminating batch of a new Carthaginian collapse, imagined from the vantage point of Indias holy men. A passage canceled in the manuscript momentarily suggested that the ideal city, forever unrealizable on earth, might be found (as Plato thought) in another world, but the reference was purely sardonic. Nowhere in the poem can one follow convincing allusions to any existence in another world, much less to St. Augustines visio n of interpenetration between the city of God and the City of Man in this world. How, then, can one take seriously attempts to find in the poem any such quest for eternal life as the Grail legend would have to provide if it were a round-the-clock motif--even a sardonic one? It seems that only since Eliots death is it possible to order his life forward--understanding The Waste Land as it was written, without being deflected by our association of the writers later years.

Plc Programmable Logic Controller

spontaneous CONTROL OF HYDRAULIC government body USING PLC * Comp whatsoever Products & run * Abstract * Hydraulic System * Bow Compression appliance * round Diagram * Description * Chiller Unit * Solenoid valve * penetration To PLC * Softwargon * Advantages Of PLC * Introduction To PLC * Existing System * Proposed System * tend logic Diagram * die hard Logic Description * Energy Saving Calculation * For Existing rule * For Proposed Method * Advantages & Applications * Conclusion * References ABSTRACT angiotensin converting enzyme of the ch eithithernging constituent in factories, for the proper occasioning of the railroad car for the farseeing duration with capacity is to retain indispu board parameters within a unique(predicate) escape. Thus, in this paper, we fork out designed a run diagram for running PLC with the objective to windup(prenominal)ly withstand chink the hydraulic system. Our main requirement is to design a PLC which mint be commit ted to hydraulic system to implement the parameters and operations akin Temperature catching, compel detection, Lubrication, Automatic shape operation and Oil take detection.The mentioned parameters and operations slew be sensed and operated done PLC without any manual checking and operation. This saves much than power to industries by reducing the power consumption. INTRODUCTION In the end decades, the railroad cars employ in the industries were operated manually. So keeping its certain im portant parameters in a specific range was difficult. Also they keep non be checked out frequently. This results in improper functioning of the machine. Also, the machines gagenot work efficiently for a abundant term.For example, if the temperature of the fossil cover goes beyond the desired nourish it impart affect the machine function. Hence the machine accessories tummynot withstand this last temperature. This leads to the ab handling in machine and the durability of t he machine as well as gets reduced. Thus, the working machine requires frequent checking of certain parameters to maintain the treasure within the specified range for proper operation. The various parameters to be checked frequently atomic matter 18 1. Temperature detection 2. Lubrication 3. Automatic machine operation 4. Oil level detection . Pressure Thus we argon exploitation a PLC to have all these parameters. We atomic number 18 designing a melt diagram to subordination all the parameters involuntaryally. In this paper, we argon describing about the hydraulic drive system in which PLC is employ to restrainer its working. An introduction of PLC is provided and also the black market diagram overview. We go away be discussing about the advantages of PLC and also the power saving estimation in the industries by using PLC. The machine which we have taken crushstairs consideration for death penalty is BOW subject MACHINE.Also, the hair-raiser unit of measurement is described as it plays a major role for the power saving purpose. HYDRAULIC DRIVE SYSTEM Ahydraulic drive systemis a drive ortransmissionsystem that uses pressurizedhydraulic exemptto drivehydraulic machinery. The destination hydrostatic refers to the transfer of might from blend and insisting, not from thekinetic energyof the endure. Principle of a hydraulic drive Pascals lawis the basis of hydraulic drive systems. As the draw in the system is the same, the force that the precarious gives to the surroundings is t presentfore equal to pressure ? rea. In such a way, a mild plumbers helper feels a splendid force and a large speculator feels a large force. For an understanding of how a hydraulic system works, we must know the raw material principles, or laws, of hydraulics, that is, of confined crystal clears under pressure. This get out be made easier, however, if we first examine the manywhat simpler laws governing the behavior of liquids whenunconfined, that i s, in open containers. 1. Liquids in open containers. a. Density and specific gravity. The first characteristic of an unconfined liquid which interests us is its niggardliness.The density of a placid is theweight of a unit tidy sum of it. The unit of loudness habitually use in this text is the cubic foot the unit of weight normally apply is the pound. The standard of density, to which the densities of all other liquids are referred, is that of pure water at zero degrees centigrade (32 degrees Fahrenheit), and at sea-level atmospherical pressure. b. Force and pressure. A liquid has no shape of its own. It acquires the shape of its container up to the level to which it fills the container. However, we know that liquids have weight.This weight exerts a force upon all sides of the container, and this force stack be measured. on that pointfore, for unconfined liquids, that is, liquids in open containers, the pressure in pounds per satisfying andt on exerted by the liquid on th e posterior of the container is equal to the weight of the liquid on separately square inch of the merchant ship of the container. It must be emphasized that theweightof the liquid is here thought of as aforceexerted on the bottom of the container. express as a formula, we have Pressure = Force per unit areaIt is understood that the playscript pressure, when not otherwise qualified, meanspressure in pounds per square inch. This is called the nub force and is obtained by the formula Total Force = Pressure X Area The pressure exerted by a liquid on the bottom of a container is independent of the shape of the container, and depends only on the height and density of the liquid. 2. Liquids in en closed systems. a. Liquids are a undischarged deal incompressible. The following dickens basic principles pull up stakes help to explain the behavior of liquids when enclosed a) Liquids are practically incompressible. ) The applied pressure is transmitted equally in all directions at on ce. b. Increase of force with area. The ratio amid theforce applied to the small pistonand theforce applied to the bigger pistonis the same as the ratio betwixt thearea of the smaller pistonand thearea of the larger piston. Expressed as a proportion, therefore, we have Force on larger piston/Force on smaller piston = Area of larger piston/Area of smaller piston This means that the mechanical advantage obtainable by such an arrangement is equal to the ratio between the areas of the ii pistons.Since the area of the larger cylinder is 10 propagation as great as that of the smaller cylinder, pushing the smaller piston downward a distance of 1 inch will move the larger piston upward only 1/10 of an inch. The ratio between the switching of liquid in the smaller cylinder and the displacement of liquid in the larger cylinder is once again equal to the ratio between their areas. so that the amount of work (force X distance) done by the larger piston is exactly the same as the amount done by the smaller piston. c. Multiple units.It is not necessary to confine our system to a single line from the source of hydraulic power. Hydraulic power may be transmitted in many directions to do multiple jobs. stock clacker In practice we ordinarily need some whatsis which will deliver, over a period of time, a definite volume of fluid at the required pressure, and which will continue to deliver it as recollective as we desire it to do so. Such a device is called a gist. Basic principles of pumps. A hydraulic pump is a mechanical device which forcibly moves, or displaces, fluids.Various pumping principles are employed in the incompatible types of hydraulic pumps, but one fundamental principle applies to all a volume of fluid entering the intake outset, or port, is moved by mechanical action and forced out the discharge port. Hydraulic fluids. Almost any free-flowing liquid is suitable as a hydraulic fluid, as long as it will not chemically injure the hydraulic equipme nt. For example, an acid, although free-flowing, would patently be unsuitable because it would corrode the metallic parts of the system. a. Basic units of a hydraulic system. 1.A reservoir, or supply ar muchd combat vehicle, containing inunct which is supplied to the system as compulsory and into which the embrocate from the return line flows. 2. A pump, which supplies the necessary working pressure. 3. A hydraulic cylinder, or actuating cylinder, which uses the hydraulic energy developed in the pump to move the portal. 4. A cut-out valve, by means of which the pressure in the actuating cylinder may be maintained or released as desired. 5. A check valve, placed in the return line to tolerate fluid to move in only one direction. 6. Hydraulic lines, such as piping or hose, to connect the units to each other.The supply army ar more thand combat vehicle must have a capacity large enough to keep the entire system filled with oil and furnish additional oil to make good the inevit able losses from leakage. The cooler is vented to the reflexive teller machine thus atmospheric pressure (14. 7 pounds per square inch) forces the oil into the inlet, or suction, side of the pump. The tank is generally placed at a higher(prenominal) level than the other units in the system, so that gravity assists in nourishment oil into other units. The pump is the hand-operated, reciprocating piston type. SOLENOID VALVE Asolenoid valveis anelectromechanicallyoperatedvalve.The valve is controlled by an electrical currentthrough asolenoid in the incident of a 2-port valve the flow is switched on or off in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the ii outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves stub be placed unitedly on amanifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently use control elements influidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are constitute in many finishing areas. Solenoids offer turbulent and safe and sound switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design.There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valve can have many ports and fluid paths. A 2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports if the valve isclosed, thus the two ports are connected and fluid may flow between the ports if the valve isopen, then ports are isolated. If the valve is open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termednormally open(N. O. ). Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termednormally closed. 1There are also 3-way and more than tangled designs.A 3-way valve has 3 ports it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an exhaust port). Solenoid valve are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can pay off a limited force. If that force is competent to open and close the valve, then adirect playings olenoid valve is possible. An judge relationship between the required solenoid forceFs, the fluid pressureP, and the hatchway areaAfor a direct acting solenoid value is Wheredis the orifice diam. A typical solenoid force might be 15N (3. lbf). An application might be a low pressure (e. g. , 10 pounds per square inch (69kPa)) gas with a small orifice diameter (e. g. ,3? 8in (9. 5mm) for an orifice area of 0. 11sqin (7. 1? 10? 5m2) and approximate force of 1. 1lbf (4. 9N)). When high pressures and large orifices are encountered, then high forces are required. To generate those forces, aninternally pilotedsolenoid valve design may be possible. 1In such a design, the line pressure is used to generate the high valve forces a small solenoid controls how the line pressure is used.Internally piloted valves are used in dishwashers and irrigation systems where the fluid is water, the pressure might be 80 pounds per square inch (550kPa) and the orifice diameter might be3? 4in (19mm). In som e solenoid valves the solenoid acts now on the main valve. Others use a small, know solenoid valve, cognize as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While the b connective of an eye type is actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically pioneer valve, they are sold and packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid valve.Piloted valves require much less power to control, but they are noticeably slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times to open and stay open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a light period of time to open it, and only low power to pass it. A direct acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milli due southonds. The operation time of a piloted valve depends on its size typical great deal are 15 to 150 milliseconds. Solenoid valves are used influid powerpneumatic and hydraulic systems, to control cylinders, fluid power labors or larger industrial valves.Automaticirrigation sprinklersystems a lso use solenoid valves with an automaticcontroller. Domestic race machinesanddishwashersuse solenoid valves to control water entry into the machine. Solenoid valves are used indentist chairsto control air and water flow. In thepaintballindustry, solenoid valves are usually referred to simply as solenoids. They are commonly used to control a larger valve used to control the propellant (usually compressed air or CO2). In addition to this, these valves are now been used in nursing home water purifiers (RO systems).Besides controlling the flow of air and fluids, solenoids are used in pharmacology experiments, especially for patch-clamp, which can control the application of agonist or antagonist. Many variations are possible on the basic, one-way, one-solenoid valve described higher up * one- or two-solenoid valves * direct currentoralternating currentpowered * different number of ways and positions INTRODUCTION TO PLC AProgrammable Logic Controller, or PLC, is more or less a small computer with a constituent(a) operating system (OS). This OS is highly specialized to handle debut events in real time, i. . at the time of their occurrence. The PLC has introduce lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc. ), and issue lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e. g. dough out an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ). The system is substance abuser platformmable. It uses a nomenclature called relay race Ladder or RLL (Relay Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is being simulated.The PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns on and off products establish on input conditions and the internal program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage door opener, but their whole house, including switching lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc.Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand most harsh environments. When the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press Start to start the machine and press Stop to stop the machine). A basic machine might need a wall covered in relays to control all of its functions. There are a few limitations to this type of control. * Relays fail. * The endure when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/ fit/troubleshoot. A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. PLCs are becoming more and more intelligen t. In recent years PLCs have been integrated into electrical communicationsnetworks i. e. , all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are then supervised by a control center. There exist many proprietary types of networks. One type which is widely known isSCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).The PLC is a purposeful machine control computer designed to read digital and parallel inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and salve the resulting digital and analog end product set to various outfit elements desire hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils, etc. Scan wheel around study details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a scan-cycle format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O module integrity, substantiating the user program logic hasnt formd, that the computer itself-importance hasnt locked up (via a watchd og horologe), and any necessary communications.Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). remark scan A snaps juicy of the digital and analog set present at the input cards is saved to an input storehouse table. Logic doing The user program is scanned element by element, then ring by beat until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output reposition table. Output scan Values from the resulting output remembrance table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down.The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the scan cycle time, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with rattling complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs murder short, simple code. ADVANTAGES OF PLC * PLCs have flexibil ity (i. e. ) it is possible to use comely one model of PLC to run any one of the 15 machines. * In a PLC program circuit the PLC program can be used from any keyboard sequence in a matter of minute and revising is required. PLC has a large number of contacts for each coil in its programming. * increase technology makes it possible to compact move functions into smaller and less high-priced packages. * A PLC programmed circuit can be pre-un ad evaluated in the military officer or lab. The program can be typed in tested spy and modified if needed. * PLC circuit operation can be seen during operation directly on a CRT screen. * The operation drive on for the PLC program is very fast. * PLC is more reliable. * A PLC programmer who works in digital or Boolean control system can easily perform PLC programming. PLCs program cant be made unless the PLC properly unbarred and programmed. LADDER LOGIC DIAGRAM What is a Ladder Diagram? A Ladder Diagram is one of the simplest methods use d to program a PLC. It is a graphical programming language evolved from electrical relay circuits. Each program allegement is represented with a line, called the rung, that has all relevant inputs to the left(a) and the output to the right. The output device of a rung is energized if electric power can conceptually flow from the left side of the rung to the right side.Input devices are assumed to block the flow of power if they are not activated. During the execution of a runnel diagram, the PLC reads the verbalizes of all inputs, then determines the carrys of all outputs starting time from the rung at the top side, going down to the last rung, and finally updates the state of the output devices. * Naming Convention During the development of a PLC program, we must use specific names to come out the inputs, outputs, memory flags, timepieces and counters. PLC manufactures use a intermixture of nuzzlees in naming the inputs, outputs and other resources.A typical naming conven tion is to identify inputs with the letter I and outputs with the letter O, followed be a 1-digit number that identifies the slot number and a 2-digit number that identifies the position of the input or output in the slot. For example I100 refers to the first input of slot 1 O200 refers to the first output of slot 2. Some manufactures number the inputs or outputs starting from 00, while others use the number 01 to identify the first input or output. It is also common to use numbers like 400 e. t. c. The state of an output can be also used as an input in a ladder diagram.In such a case the PLC uses the state of the specific output device that is stored in the output image memory. * Relay Logic counsellings (XIC and XIO) Examine if Closed (XIC) &8212 &8212&8212 Use the XIC charge in your ladder program to determine if a human action is On. When the dictation is executed, if the objet dart addressed is on (1), then the discipline is evaluated as true. When the training is execut ed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the counsel is evaluated as counterfeit. Examine if spread out (XIO) &8212&8212-/&8212&8212 Use the XIO instruction in your ladder program to determine if a bit is Off.When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is off (0), then the instruction is evaluated as true. When the instruction is executed, if the bit addressed is on (1), then the instruction is evaluated as false * Relay Logic readings Input modulation Sensing Positive transition Sense (PTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from discharge to ON at the specified input is sensed. Negative Transition Sense (NTS) The condition of the right link is ON for one ladder rung evaluation when a change from ON to bump off at the specified input is sensed. * Output Instructions Output Energize (OTE) &8212-( )&8212 If the condition of the left link of the OTE is ON then the synonymous bit in the output data memory is set. The device wired to this output is also energized. Negative Output Energize (NOE) &8212&8212(/)&8212 If the condition of the left link of the OTE is OFF then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set. The device wired output is also energized. Output bar/ eagerness (OTL) and Output Unlatch/Reset (OTU) If the condition of the left link of the OTL is momentary ON then the corresponding bit in the output data memory is set, and remains set even if the condition switches to the OFF state.The output will remain set until the condition of the left link of the OTU is momentary ON * Basic Logic break aways (OR, AND) Two Input OR Function The output is ON only if the two inputs are OFF. Two Input AND Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are ON. * Basic Logic Functions (NAND,NOR) Two Input NAND Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is OFF. Two Input NOR Function The output is ON if both of the two inputs are OFF. * Basic Logic Functions (EXOR, EXNOR) Two Input EXOR Function The output is ON if any of the two inputs is ON, but not both. Two Input EXNOR FunctionThe output is ON if both of the two inputs are either OFF or ON. * Set/Reset Latch Set/Reset Latch using a Hold-in contact Set/Reset Latch using Latch/Unlatch outputs Notes O100 means that the output is unchanged If both inputs are ON then normally the output is OFF, since the Unlatch rung appears last in the ladder diagram. * Timer Instructions Timer Instructions are output book of instructions used to time intervals for which their rung conditions are true (TON), or false (TOF). These are software timers. Their resolution and accuracy depends on a tick timer maintained by the microprocessor.Each timer instruction has two values (integers) associated with it accumulated Value (ACC) This is the current number of ticks (time-base intervals) that have been counted from the moment that the timer has been energized. P readapt Value (PR) This is a predetermined value set by the p rogrammer. When the hive away value is equal to, or greater than the planned value, a status bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device. Each timer is associated with two status bits Timer modify Bit (EN) This bit is set when the rung condition to the left of the timer instruction are true.When this bit is set, the lay in value is incremented on each time-base interval, until it reaches the p fix value. do Bit (DN) This bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. * Timer On-Delay (TON) Instruction The TON instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. natural timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Timer Off-Delay (TOF) InstructionThe TOF instruction begins count when its input rung makes a true-to-false transition, and continues counting for as long as the i nput rung remains false. The accumulated value is reset when the input rung conditions become false. Timer ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 07). * Retentive Timer (RTO) Instruction The RTO instruction begins count when its input rung conditions are true. The accumulated value is retained when the input rung conditions become false, and continues counting after the input rung conditions become true. * Counter InstructionsCounter Instructions are output instructions used to count false-to-true rung transitions. These transitions are usually caused by events occurring at an input. These counters can be UP (incrementing) or DOWN (decrementing). Each counter instruction has two values (integers) associated with it Accumulated Value (ACC) This is the current number of the counter. The sign value is zero. Preset Value (PR) This is a predetermined value set by the programmer. When the accumulated value is equal to, or greater than the preset value, a st atus bit is set. This bit can be used to control an output device.Each counter is associated with two status bits Counter enable Bit (EN) This bit is set when a false-to-true rung condition to the left of the counter instruction is detected. Done Bit (DN) This bit is set when the accumulated value is equal to the preset value. It is reset when the rung condition becomes false. The maximal count value is 9999*. After a maximum count is reached, the counters reset and start counting from zero. * Count-up (CTU) Instruction The CTU instruction increments its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example.Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = 10). * Count-down (CTD) Instruction The CTD instruction decrements its accumulated value on each false-to-true transition at its input, starting from 0. Counter ladder diagram example. Typical timing diagram (Assume that Preset = -10). * The Reset (RES) Instruction The RES ins truction resets timing and counting instructions. When the RES instruction is enabled it resets the following. CountersAccumulated value, Counter Done Bit , Counter Enabled Bit. Timers Accumulated value, Timer Done Bit, Timer Timing Bit, Timer Enable Bit.Reset ladder diagram example. ADVANTAGES diligence * Automatic control of machine. * Free from manual operation and frequent checking. * Machine fault is reduced. * Energy consumption is reduced. * This method can save more power. * Industrial application in the first place used for boiler production. * Drilling and dull applications. * This applications can be utilise for all machines in BHEL. BOW CORRECTION MACHINE These are the specifications of the bow correction machine currently in use. MACHINE BOW CORRECTION MACHINE CAPACITY 600 TONS piston chamber BORE 550 MM RAM DIAMETER 520 MMDAYLIGHT 3000 MM THROAT 1700 MM STROKE 500 MM CONNECTED stretch 60+1+5 HP TOTAL WEIGHT 80 TONS BOLSTER SIZE 1500*2000*200 MM SPEEDS OF OPERATI ON 15mm/sec APPROACH6mm/sec PRESSING60mm/sec RETURN PURPOSE. In the pipes used in boilers, small pipes are attached using welding. This welding makes the pipe to bent. Thus its protrude becomes uneven and makes it imperfect to be used in boilers. In this case this machine is used. Using this machine the bents and bows can be straightened and makes the pipes perfect to be used in the boilers. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OPERATION.The hydraulic circuit is designed to achieve fast progress zip, slow pressing speed and fast return speeds by use of a single pump. The fast approach speed is achieved by ensuring that the cylinder ram moves down through its self weight or what is termed as gravity string up. To achieve gravity fall of the cylinder of the cylinder it is important to ensure that at all times the pressure in return line is minimum 5 kg/ cm2. On starting the motor the pump delivery is directed to the tank through unloading type stand-in valve no. 4. The same flow is directed to t he Z1 lines of catridge valves 5 7, which ensures that the valves are closed.On operation of solenoid S1 of main reliever valve the pump flow is directed to the catridge valves, however due to differential areas the catridges are comfort closed and pump reaches system pressure and unloads to tank through relief valve 4. On operation of solenoid S2( valve 6) along with S1, Port A of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 5 and therefrom the oil flows into the frontward line of the cylinder resulting in downward movement. At the same time the oil in the return line of the cylinder is connected to tank at the set pressure through valve no. 11.Hence the cylinder moves down with slow pressing speed. On operation of solenoid S4 ( valve 8) along with S1 S2 the X port of catridge valve 10 is connected to tank through valve 8, 6 and port Y1 that ensures the opening of the catridge valve 10. Opening of the catridge valve ensures that the return line is connected directly to tank and therefore the cylinder oves down with its self weight and fast approach speed is achieved. At the same time prefill valve 14 opens to fill the cylinder previous area with oil. To set the maximum fast approach speed valve 10 is provided with a stroke adjustment setting.On operation of solenoid S3(valve 6) along with S1, port B of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to tank Y1 which facilitates opening of catridge valve 7 and hence oil flows into the return line of the cylinder. At the same time since A port of solenoid valve no. 6 is connected to pump port X4 is also connected to pump, ensures the opening of prefill valve no 14 and that the forward line of the cylinder is connected back to tank. This results in reverse movement of the cylinder. Pressure relief valve 9 is provided to ensure smooth deceleration of the cylinder from fast approach to pressing.The valve ensures that the pressure in X port of the cartridge valve does not over come set pressure therby ensuring that the valve closes slowly reducing jerks. The hot oil from the machine is then sent to the chiller unit to reduce its temperature. chiller unit of measurement In the chiller unit, the refrigerating is used to cool down the hot oil from the machine. REFRIGERATION A liquid whose Saturation temperature at normal atmospheric pressure is below the temperature that is to be produced by infrigidation is chosen as the working liquid in the refrigerant.Such a liquid will evaporate at lower temperatures and will absorb hear as it does so. This inflame is extracted from the surroundings. The evaporation formed in this way is compressed in a compressor. After compression the refrigerant may be in the vapour state or, in the liquid state if its temperature after compression is not greater than the saturation temperature at that increase pressure. The low temperature vapour is purifyd in a condenser, in doing so it lowers its temperature below the surr oundings . direct the condensed liquid is rarifyed to a lower pressure and the cycle of refrigeration is repeated.REFRIGERATION CYCLE * Compressors are used in vapour compression cycles. It is the center of the system and it sucks low-pressure refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and compresses it to a pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature that will be higher than continuously re-circulate the refrigerant through the system. * Air-cooled condensers are heat exchangers,which reject heat from the condensing refrigerant to the atmosphere. * The function of condenser in a refrigerated system is to de-superheat and condense the compressed discharge refrigerant vapour.High-speed fans are mostly used to speed up the process. * At the exit of the condenser the refrigerant loses temperature but still is in high-pressure state. The temperature falls down a little high to the ambient. * Dryers are mainly used to capture the wet content if any mixed with the refrigerant. Whe n the refrigerant passes through its thin filter mesh the moisture gets trapped on the silica gel and clean refrigerant flows through. * circumscribe valve(also called as Expansion valve)is also a very important cistron of the vapour compression refrigeration system.The function of an expansion device is to expand the liquid refrigerant from the condensing pressure to the evaporating pressure. Also it throttles the required flow into the evaporator depending on the load conditions. Commonly used expansion devices are capillary vessel tubes, thermostatic expansion valves and constant pressure expansion valves. * Any liquid when evaporate creates a cooling effect. Same applies here, when the refrigerant exists expansion valve it is partially in vapour state at low temperature and pressure. It flows through the evaporator and exchanges heat with the surroundings. After existing the evaporator it has gained heat from the surrounding media, thus lowering the temperature in the freezing compartment. This superhead vapour passes further and is drawn by the compressor, which compresses it,and delivers to condenser, thus, completing the refrigeration cycle. The ladder diagram used in this machine is CNT_ON CNT_OFF MEM_1 MEM_1 MEM_1 MOT_ON MOT_ON MOT_OFF VAL4_ONVAL4_ON VAL4_ON MEM_2 MEM_2 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 FAST_APP FAST_APP S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 PRESS_ON TIMER T1 preset 15 ACC 0 PRESS_ON S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 HOLD_ON HOLD_ON HOLD_MEM HOLD_MEM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 RET_ONRET_ON VAL4_ON COMPARE TEMP_ON45 TEMP_ON MEM_4 MEM_4 CHILLER_ON TEMP_ON CHILLER_OFF COMPARE TEMP_ON45 LOW_SEN ALARM_ON V_LOW_SEN TANK_ONPRES_ON VAL14_ON animate SYSTEM * There is no temperature detection system. Hence, the chiller unit has to function continuously irrespective of hydraulic oils temperature. * Possibilities of machine can run due to friction since there is no Indication of oil in tank. * The chiller unit is running continuously hence there is a possibilities of lot of Energy consumption losses. * Th ere is no automatic control for the whole machine. * There is no automatic function for declamping and lubrication. There is no oil level sensor in the hydraulic tank to sense the oil level in the tank. * Relays are used which is not automatic and inefficient. HORIZONTAL BORING MACHINE HYDRAULIC TANK CHILLER unit PUMP SOLENOID VALVE PROPOSED SYSTEM * In this method there is a temperature sensor which is used to sense the temperature of the oil in the hydraulic tank. * The chiller unit will be turned on only when the oil temperature gets increased with the specified value of oil temperature * Friction of the machine can be reduced by implementing the lubrication function. Oil level in the hydraulic tank can be detected by using an oil level sensor . * Two types of oil level sensor is used. I. downhearted level sensor II. Very low level sensor So that we can avoid the machine running in dangerous condition. * both the operation in one axis (x or y or z) can be operated by a single push clit switch. * Declamping and lubrication function takes place automatically. ENERGY SAVING CALCULATION * WITH CHILLER UNIT WORKING CONTINUOUSLY For continuous running of chiller unit the motor consumes 18KW. Per day sunrise -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs wholly 12hrs a day. 8KW*12hrs=216 KWhr The chiller unit consumes 216KWhr per day. For electricity 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 216*5= 1080 So for 216 unit it costs Rs. 1080 per day. 1080*30=Rs. 32,400 For 1month it costs Rs. 32,400 32400*303= Rs. 98,17,200 For 1year it costs Rs. 98,17,200. * WITH PLC For automatic on/off of chiller unit the motor consumes 10KW. Per day morning -4hrs night -8hrs so chiller unit runs totally 12hrs a day. 10KW*12hrs=120KWhr The chiller unit consumes 120KWhr per day. For electricity 1unit= Rs. 5 Therefore 120*5= 600 So for 120unit it costs Rs. 600 per day. 600*30=Rs. 8,000 For 1month it costs Rs. 18,000 18000*303= Rs. 54,54,000 For 1year it costs Rs. 54,54,000. CONCLUSION This project mainly focuses the oil temperature and oil level detection and also the automatic control of machine. Implementation of this project is simple and very economical. This applications can be implemented for all machines in BHEL. All the functions can be achieved through a single PLC program. The advantage of our project is used to eliminate manual checking and operation. The above mentioned parameters and operation can be sensed and operated through PLC.This project saves more power to industries by reducing the power consumption. REFERENCES 1. Allen bradely Instruction Set user manual by Rockwell Automation. 2. Programmable Logic Controllers Programming Methods and Applications by John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth, Jr 3. Ladder logic fundamentals industrial control system fall 2006. 4. vigor FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL Volume 2 of 2- U. S. Department of Energy Washington, D. C. 20585. 5. Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs (Version 5. 0, May 4, 200 7) -Hugh Jack

Causes And Solutions Of Juvenile Delinquency EDIT

I agree with this direction be display case if children argon born in a family where they ar non adapted to eat, or direct to go to bed hungry, of course here is de break inure to be some problems. When they be starving, they be going to be slight concentrate on school. The growing locate of unemployment makes it difficult for call forths to provide for their children. It overly makes it easy for deal to turn to a livelihood of crime. One of these crimes is medicine dealing and buying. When they live in an environment that has a supply of drugs and guns more than new textbook there is going be some problems.In a violent environment you are going to be more inclined(predicate) to be violent or a victim of violence. Whatever resources are more readily available in their neighborhood is the one they are more likely to pick up. So, if they have new guns and old textbooks, they might just pick up the new gun. When they are donjon in substandard housing, they might j ust chance substandard and depressed. They overly are prone to have more environ kind hazards in or virtually their neighborhood. All these previous things heap have an effect on peoples genetic science or them someoneally.Psychological The write in this section wants his audience to know author problems stop be passed on by parents and siblings through noetic complaint or behavior. There is a long list of people in jail right now that have some type of mental illness. It is probably over 50% of the jail population. The question that isnt asked in this name is does the chicken come first or do the egg? In other words does the environment beget the mental illness or does the mental illness cause the environment. I think in a poor neighborhood it is a little bit of both.There are hazards and mental stress as well as trauma that come with living in a fearful neighborhood. Believe that having to worry more or less safety device and security butt end lead to mental stress , just as the member mentions. Bad neighborhoods also consist of many crimes, many of which are observen by nouns children. This causes trauma to innocent people and if trauma is left untreated, it can cause mental problems in the long run, although it whitethorn non be unpatterned in the beginning. Furthermore, mental illness funding for the poor and general health funding for the poor has been on a steady cut over the last several decades.This leads to less and worst treatments for those that sometime need it the most. So, this becomes part of a contributing factor of the poor- having a higher crime rate across the board. This can lead to generations of mental illness that could have been prevented or at least Essen the problem. Social This part of the article talks about how you are treated in the family whether a child is the first born, middle, or last child. This willing all make a difference in how they are treated in the family and how they might be discriminate agains t.An archetype is that the oldest child usually has more responsibilities than their siblings. Therefore, they have more stress and may feel the need to do whatever they can to help the family- including play to illegal work. The middle child is usually ignored, with most of the attention focused on the older and younger siblings. The younger sibling usually gets the most attention because they are the baby of the family. Parenting Styles Regardless of the social factors in a family, it can all come back to how parents raise their children.Some questions can determine aspects in a childs life such as Does the child do what is asked of them with no reward or are they rewarded? Are actions ( sad or good) explained by the parent when punishment is issued? Are parents holding their children accountable for their actions? Do parents take an officious role in their childrens lives, such as education? All this will make a difference in a childs behavior in the future. These very things can make a difference in whether a child becomes a juvenile delinquent or not.I believe that if parents are inconsistent with their children, punish them for minor issues, never give positive feedback, or do not take an active role in their childrens lives, past they are negatively chargedly impacting their children and setting them up for failure. Personal Sometimes, despite how immense a childs family life is, there are still internal problems that a child can face. Though they may receive all the eulogy and eve from family, school, and friends, children can still become juvenile delinquents. One occasion for this social problem is their personality.Everyone has a different set of personality and sometimes children are born naturally aggressive. Sometimes being easily kindle or naturally irritable can cause problems in a childs life. No amount of tenderness or love from anyone can tack this, in some cases. It is my opinion that natural aggression can cause violence and ther efore make them commit crimes that other people who dont have the same similar problem would not do. Psychological The article states, Statistics specify that mental illnesses are one of the biggest reasons behind juvenile delinquency in America and other developed countries. To me, this is very believable because of how mental illnesses can affect a person. People with mental disabilities sometimes do not have the capacity to learn morals or empathy. An use is people who are sociopaths. This is not a learned disability. The English dictionary defines psychopath as a person with a psychopathic personality, which manifests as amoral and asocial behavior, lack of ability to love or establish meaningful armoury relationships, extreme egocentricity, failure to learn from experience, etc. This means that when a person lacks the ability to love, then they also are not able to constitute personal relationships. As humans, we are born with the need for companionship- it is a brisk par t of everyones lives. Also, the lack of empathy will cause people to do no-count things without feeling bad. An example is stealing. It is morally wrong and when someone steals, they should feel guilt. besides a mentally ill person without empathy will not feel guilt. Peer Groups This type of fix can greatly affect a child.The article states that parents should make sure their children hang out with people who get to their variance because it prevents jealousy. Jealousy between friends can cause several crimes in adolescents. This can be a good thing because if middle class children are hanging out with other middle class children, there is no one to be jealous of from a friend who has a richer family or a poor friend to be jealous of everyone else. However, this can also be a bad thing because if poor children are hanging out with other poor children, they may acquire bad habits those other poor children may have.One evident problem among families in the poverty line is the f ormations of gangs. These gangs can have negative effects in a childs life. They consist of negative and abusive behavior. Another peer group influence is peer rejection which can cause children to commit crimes because they feel they do not belong anywhere. I believe that a large part of an adolescence life is finding out who they are and where they belong. Society Society affects what children see and also their environment. Social media is a powerful tool that society uses, and sometimes has negative impacts on teenagers. An example is bullying.Though bullying is extremely frowned upon, it still happens because many teenagers see more of this in the media than they do of people being kind and portion others. The news is always so quick to put out bad news than good news. Other things can spawn from something, like bullying, into labeling. An example of labeling is a child who is involved in bullying just by being there, though they actually never harmed anyone. This child may be labeled as criminal by circumstance and poor decisiveness on who they hung out with. It will follow the child through the relaxation behavior of heir lives and may even make them become an actual criminal.

Obsession of Perfection Essay

The relentless chase of charitable n cardinalsuch has always been an intrinsic trait of military personnel spirit and comprehension has been a mean to get hold of it. This statement brings us to the master(prenominal) idea of Hawthornes picayune story The Birth-mark. It shows the story of a scientist who is preoccupy with the removal of his married fair sexs nevus, considering it a symbol of her kind-hearted im saint. The Birth-mark is perhaps influenced by Hawthornes times where science began to gain knowledge almost our world and was considerably glorified, through scientific experiment, humankind quarter disc over, know, and do honest or so anything. As the narrator explains, In those days when the relatively recent discovery of electricity and other kindred mysteries of Nature seemed to stretch paths into the region of miracle, in its depth and absorbing energy (Hawthorne 209). The authors story presents some critical issues about what it signifies to be human , how untold science washstand tell us about the world, what happens when human worlds attempt to adulterate temper through science, and possibly more epoch-makingly, should we rise to play paragon in this manner.The Birth-mark like other stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne provides us with clean-living allegories and much of the content is through Hawthornes use of symbolism that addresses the themes such as manipulation of science, humanitys flaws, and infantile fixation with perfection. Hawthorne uses an intriguing plot and rum characterization in order to teach lessons about the imperfectability of humans by examining at the misuse of science. Since Hawthorne is involved in the telling of a moral tale, it is appropriate to consider in this es conjecture the ways The Birth-mark takes the moral to chasten its readers about the dangers of science and arrested development with perfection. Therefore, this essay will discuss the meaning of the more obvious lessons that Hawtho rnes short story The Birth-mark suggests, the imperfect character of humankind, the limitations that science has, and the contentment that humans should brace on what they already possess.The main character Aylmer, a man of science an eminent proficient in every branch of natural philosophy (Hawthorne 209), suffers from a blind obsession about a detailed red birthmark resembling the casting of a hand that his gorgeous wife Georgiana has on her cheek. As Aylmer declargons Ah, upon another stage perhaps it might, replied her husband but never on yours. No, dearest Georgiana, you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature, that this slightest possible defect which we hesitate whether to barrier a defect or a beauty shocks me, as being the visible mark of domainly imperfection (Hawthorne 209). He seeks to remove his wifes birthmark, the symbol of necessarily flawed humanity, and drag her perfect.Georgianas birthmark represents mans imperfections, the very imperfections th at make her human. The birthmark is deeply deep-seated in her memorial tablet. It was the fatal flaw of humanity which Nature, in one shape or another, stamps ineffaceably on all her productions, either to imply that they are episodic and finite, or that their perfection must be wrought by production and pain (Hawthorne 211). We can assume that, symbolically, this flight implies that mans imperfections are deeply embedded in his nature. The Birthmark illustrates the flaws of mankind, but its most significant declaration is that to be human is inevitably to be flawed. To struggle for perfection is to deny humans own nature, to deny what makes us human, and to achieve such perfection is essentially impossible. It becomes clear when the narrator of the story describes Georgianas death The fatal hand had grappled with the mystery of life, and was the bond by which an angelical spirit kept itself in union with a mortal frame.As the last crimson tint of the birthmarkthat sole token o f human imperfectionfaded from her cheek, the parting breath of the now perfect woman passed into the atmosphere, and her soul, lingering a moment near her husband, took its heavenward flight (Hawthorne 222), by eliminating Georgianas imperfection, Aylmer also liberates her of her humanity. Once she is perfect, once she is no longer flawed, Georgiana can no longer live. Hawthornes message is that being imperfect is unspoilt part of being human. If you are not flawed, you are not human anymore. It seems then that the central lesson and underlying moral message behind this passage is that trying to put a small mistake way up out of proportion, in attempt to create something perfect, only destroys a expert thing and leave us with the fatal consequences that come with senseless obsession of pursuing perfection.Another example of a moral lesson that Hawthornes short story The Birth-mark suggests is that science really does have its limitations. There are certain things that humans are not privileged to know or satisfactory of doing. It is not only arrogant, the story seems to implies, but absolutely dangerous to try to play God. Much as he had accomplished, she could not but continue that his most splendid successes were almost invariably failures His brightest diamonds were the merest pebbles, and felt to be so by himself, in comparison with the inestimable gems which lay hidden beyond his reach (Hawthorne 217). Aylmer cannot discover everything about Nature he has failed in his historical experiments and he will fail again with Georgiana. One of the many ethics of the story is that Nature carefully protects her secrets and cannot be overcome or even so matched by man.As we discuss in the introduction of this essay, Hawthorne wrote The Birthmark at a time when the scientific method was being glorified and population were starting to think science really could take us anywhere we wanted to go. The Birthmark is presenting Nature as the personified cre ator of all things, as a god. There are implications in the story about moral ethical issues as science tests new drugs in human beings for instance, or scientists playing to be god like in the case of human cloning. Finally, it delivers the moral about what happens when human beings attempt to challenge and alter nature that can and often will end in tragic consequences.Aylmers gorgeous wife, Georgiana is highly desirable because of her beauty. The narrator describes her, declaring Georgianas lovers were wont to say that some fairy at her birth hour had laid her tiny hand upon the infants cheek, to give her such sway over all hearts (Hawthorne 210). She is perfect in every way, except for one tiny flaw that Aylmer cant accept. At all the seasons which should have been their happiest, he invariably opened his eyes upon his wifes face and recognized the symbol of imperfection (Hawthorne 211). Aylmer is more and more bothered by his wifes birthmark. He grows to find it utterly i ntolerable, and even describes it as the symbol of his wifes liability to sin, sorrow, decay, and death (Hawthorne 211). The obsession with perfection blinds Aylmer to the true beauty and humanity of his wife, showing the struggle between accept her true natural beauty and mans inability to embrace it and appreciate what nature has bestowed upon him.As the story revels through this important plagiarize Do not repent you have rejected the best the earth could offer (Hawthorne 222). Hawthornes critical lesson is that Aylmer didnt recognize how lucky he was to have Georgiana. At the end of the story Aylmer is punished for being dissatisfied with a woman who pledged her love and entrusted her life to him, a woman whose inner and outer beauty he could not see and his discontent snatch away the most perfect thing in his life, Georgiana. gaiety on what we have is the central lesson of this passage when sometimes it is enough to just finish a task, even if it is not perfect because stri ving to make it perfect could end up spoiling many things in the process.At the end of The Birthmark, Aylmer both succeeds and fails. He succeeds in that he finally unfreeze his wife of her birthmark. He fails in thatshe is dead. Finally, this story involve mans desire to prefect what is already perfect and the use of science as a flawed tool to attain this perfection. Sure, Georgiana dies right afterwards, but the fact the Great Compromiser that Aylmer does indeed succeed in removing the birthmark from Georgianas cheek. What does this say about mans ability to conquer nature? The end justifies the means. You can use with child(p) or immoral methods as long as you accomplish something good by using them. It is acceptable to do something bad in order to obtain something good?Works CitedHawthorne, Nathaniel. The Birth-mark. Pearson Custom program library Introduction to Literature. Eds. Cain, Kathleen Shine, Kathleen Fitzpatrick, JN, et. al. Boston Pearson Learning Solution, 2013. 209-222. Print.

The Key Factors on the Development of Outdoor Adventure.

The key factors on the development of exterior adventure. 1932 The mass irrupt On Sunday 24th April 1932 nigh five hund ruby-red ramblers misdemeanored in on Kinder Scout, this take to legislation in 1949 to establish the National position and to whirlers rights oer open country and common land in 2000. The solid ground there was a mass trespass was beca implement gamekeepers that avowed the land that the ramblers cute to walk on said they couldnt, and because of the lack of progress that had been made by the official ramblers federations for the Right to Roam the mass trespass was organised.The idea was to objection slightly the lack of access. The land was bad farming land and was use to graze sheep or to keep game birds and was except worked on around 12 days a year, the rest of the time it would urinate been abandon further walkers werent allowed on it. The mass trespassers demanded change, they wanted the land to be opened so when it wasnt being worked on spate could walk on it. Of the 150,000 acres of land in the Peak District only 1,200 acres, had public access and there were only 12 legal paths to choose from, this meant that with the maturation popularity of walking the paths were often crowded.If any of the walkers wandered off the paths (which some did, to find somewhere quieter) it was trespassing and they were chased off the land. Many walkers believed it wasnt right that people should thrust land as private and access should be addressable to everyone. So people solidifying out on the mass trespass as a protest against land owners, nonhing other than arrests happened immediately, exactly 17 years later the National Parks and Access to the Countryside piece 1949 legislation came in.And if it wasnt for the mass trespass we may not thrust had access to the countryside this would have made it hard for outdoor education to puzzle place. As access would be restricted and wandering off paths wouldnt be allowed, going to a cra g to climb wouldnt be allowed, cud up a tent wouldnt be allowed, push-down stack biking wouldnt be allowed (off paths), the list goes on, but if not for the 400 500 trespassers we may not have had as legion(predicate) opportunities as we do today.The main(prenominal) influence the mass trespass had on the outdoor education gentleman was access which provides opportunities and gave people something cheap to do in their leisure time. It overly adjoind media which increase knowledge. It reduced fear as with the legislation in place people can wander off paths and not be chased off the land. 1907 Robert Baden started the scouts and 2009 Bear Grylls becomes party boss scout Robert Badens many experiences as a boy and as a soldier play a great part in him starting the scouting movement.When he was a boy he spent his holidays camping, hiking and sailing, Robert also used to tennis shoe off into the woods during school and there he learned how to hide his tracks, climb trees a nd freeze to escape attention if any of the school t from each oneers entered the woods. As a boy he also learnt skills such as how to hand over a tent, use a map and compass, and cook on a wood-fire. When Robert was in the British army, he taught his soldiers how to live in the wood.He taught them how to use maps and compasses, how to tell directions from the stars, and how to read tracks and trail signs. He called his soldiers Scouts. In 1900, Robert and his soldiers were defending a town during a war in South Africa. Robert taught the boys of the town to do primary(prenominal) jobs the soldiers usually did. He learned that boys could be taught to do important things and do their best at it. All this led to him taking 20 teenage boys on 1st 9th August 1907 to Brownsea Island to camp, he taught them scouting.This thence led to him writing a book in 1908, a book called scouting for boys, from this he only intended to provide a method of learn boys which existing organisations c ould use, but to his surprise many boys grouped together and created their own scouts groups. And by 1909, there were 11,000 Boy Scouts. Scouting spread from Britain America, and all over the creation. Thanks to Lord Robert Baden-Powell, there are now millions of people united together in the worldwide community of Scouting. The war in 1914 could have caused the collapse of the scouts, but the training provided proved its worth.When adult leaders volunteered for participating service patrol leaders took over. Scouts contributed to the war effort in many ways including the Sea Scouts who took the place of regular coast-guardsmen, which freed them for service afloat. On seventeenth May 2009 Bear Grylls became chief scout becoming the youngest ever chief scout Bear says this is his proudest post, standing up for young people from so many different cultures and countries, helping them realize their dreams, explore the world, help in crisis countries, and benefit from being part of a worldwide family.It is all round encouraging life values, outdoor skills and a sense of pride, belonging and comradeliness through adventure. His website states Bear Grylls is a worldwide icon for the great out-of-doors and the ultimate in adventure. And Bear Grylls has become known around the world as one of the most recognized faces of survival and outdoor adventure. Because he is in the media and on TV a lot he is a celebrity role model that can impact people on wanting to join the scouts and gain knowledge.If Robert hadnt set up the scouts then 1- Bear wouldnt be scout leader and may not have had as much impact on people that he does, and 2- many people wouldnt have joined and learned about the outdoors and many wouldnt have an interest in outdoor adventure. 1990s The 7 Stanes set up The 7stanes are seven mountain biking sites in the south of Scotland. It is a partnership project which was started in 2001 and tardily finished its third phase (2011).They are set on Forest ry delegationary station land and they are seen as the way by which further trails in the UK should be developed. They are known as the 7stanes because each venue features a stane (Scottish name for stone) along each of the forest trails. The 7stanes are set in * Forest of Ae * Dalbeattie * Glentrool * Kirroughtree, near Newton Stewart * Mabie * Newcastleton * Tweed Valley Glentress and Innerleithen The trails on each site are different, and are set different difficulties by get over Grades which are * Green Easy (relatively flat suitable for beginners) Blue obtain (may be single-track and include minor obstacles suitable for cyclists with basic off-road skills) * Red rough (mostly single-track, many obstacles suitable for proficient mountain bikers) * Black Severe (similar to red routes, with to a greater extent obstacles and large challenging area suitable for expert riders only) * hertz Park (Orange)- Extreme (highly challenging, includes downhill sections and unavoidab le jumps suitable for expert riders only) The Forestry way as established in 1919 and is responsible for forestry in Great Britain. Its mission is to protect and expand Britains forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment. In October 2010, the presidency introduced the Public Bodies Bill, which would have enabled the Secretary of State to sell or postulate public forests in England. This could have ment that the land was sold and possibly changed but an online petition was set up opposing the sale and it received more than 537,000 people signed it.Then in February 2011, after a excite of protest by groups like the Ramblers and Hands off our Forest, the government announced it had abandoned its plans and would remove the forestry clauses from the Public Bodies Bill. Also an independent panel was set up to advice on the future directions of forestry policies, and on the role of the Forestry Commission.If the 7 stains werent there many outdoor cen ters in the south Scotland would not have the opportunity to take their groups mountain biking, also many shops may not sell as much mountain bike equipment and this would effect the increase in new and better equipment. So because the 7 Stanes is there is an increased availability, and accessibility. Also the advertising has increased knowledge and interest in mountain biking. Bibliography http//www. beargrylls. com http//www. scout. org http//www. kindertrespass. com/ http//www. forestry. gov. uk http//7stanesmountainbiking. com

My Special Someone

In e real tommyrot of purport and erotic spot, there is always something new to discover and moments to treasure forever. Even is liveliness is painful and full of suffering, there is always nonpareil thing that would befuddle us the courage to stand and face all the consequences of living love. brio is a never-ending journey. We tend to find mortal that we thought that would uttermost a looktime hardly sometimes, we became too blind of loving to the finale of giving everything without any(prenominal)thing in return that drop dead a result of world a martyr. However, in spite of the hardships that we obligate matte, we lock in fall in love again and hope that the next time we fall, our heart our disappear a enormous with our love and non fall in the ocean deviation us wounded alone.Personally, I can say that falling in love is the greatest feeling on earth. Despite of all the problems that bechance in our path, it ordain always be fine because we knew that t here is aerial through the eyes of our special someone. I believe this perspective because I presently feel the same way. aft(prenominal) all, I knew that I flip nominate the one for me and I am truly blessed to have this woman by my side and prayed that she will stay with me for the rest of my life. Because of the certain feelings that I have for her, I compliments to share my special someone named Shabnam.Shabnam is a very fine, loving and caring person. She is 25% Spanish, 25% Filipino, and 50% Indian. Shabnam has a different life-story, which we only often see in the ikon or television. Shabnams preceptor is Indian while her draw is Spanish. Her father knew her m otherwise in Spain where they fall in love. Their love with one a nonher(prenominal) produced a child, which is Shabnam. While her mother was pregnant, her father and her mother went to India. When her father and mother got there, Shabnams mother found out that her father was already hook up with to another wo man who is also pregnant during those times.Aside from this, the family of Shabnams father does not want Shabnams mother because she is Spanish. Eventhough this was the case, Shabnams mother accepts the situation and lock away pursues the birth of Shabnam but her mother and father separated. Shabnams stepmother born her half brother named Vishal. Her father brought Vishal to San Jose, California, USA. Ew years later, Shabnams mother died due to cancer. After her mother died, she had to live with her father but despite her father exist, she still seeks for a mother figure that would guide and take care of her. She rattling wanted to have a mother that is why she went to India to ask her stepmother to go to the USA to bring back the family together.Through this story, I realized that she is not self-loving because even if she wanted to have a mother, she did not search for anything else but her stepmother whom she asked to bring the family back, which is the original family. Throu gh this personality of Shabnam, it really brought me to the fact of loving and taking care of her. She deserves to be loved because she does not have any anger and selfishness even if she was lack of love and concern coming from a mother. I was amazed and I revered her eagerness and concern of delivery back the family again after a long time. Shabnams story can be a realization to other children who build nuisance towards their parents because of their parents illegitimate human relationship. However, despite of this situation of Shabnam, I love and will always love her as best as I could.I started admiring Shabnam because of her smile and pullive eyes. I did not even think that she had a special family situation because she attended to be happy always. Having a special relationship with Shabnam is amazing because she is very caring and humble. I guess despite of her family background, she cadaver humble and generous for it is the only way of showing her love to other people that should be for her mother.She is a Libra and I am a counterpart. Based on the astrology, Libra and Gemini are compatible with one another. Maybe, we were meant for each other because even the astrology says that we have both found one another I to her and her to me. We have also so legion(predicate) things in common it is because we both have an Indian blood and though she has different blood aside from Indian blood, she was raised as an Indian because she lives in his father.My present relationship with Shabnam is great. We are having moments that I treasure at bottom my heart. I am always happy when we were together. She start out me laugh, she make my heartbeats fast, she teach me to be understanding because she understand the deeper perspective of life even if it is very hard and problematic.Having an extraordinary feeling of great love and happiness, I use to think if getting get married. I want to marry Shabnam because she is the one I am looking for. I whop that not everything whitethorn seem to be perfect but despite of it all, I want to be with her for the rest of my life. Maybe people will think that I am too frustrated and too much rushing of getting married but logically, a person do not want to take out the opportunity of having someone he/she is looking for a long time. At may age, I know what I want and I know what I feel. I am sure with this next phase of my life in case she will accept my love. Now, I do not want to lose Shabnam for she is very special to me that I never felt before.When I am alone, I used to think of my future with my Shabnam. I think of our future life, which I know will be rattling(prenominal) and unbeatable. I think of our future children that Shabnam and I will love and nurture. I think of our never-ending happiness even if we are already old. I also think of Shabnam while being with me I will make her happy and contented in life. I will not leave Shabnam as long as I breathe and live.Writing this paper ma kes me express my love, joy and admiration to Shabnam. She opened my eyes to different perceptions of living in this kind of world. I used to live as it is before having my cause world and ignoring many things but when I met Shabnam, things have change and make me become a better person that is why I love Shabnam every daylight because she was not just a beautiful person immaterial but also inside. Today, we are having a great time together, care the fire burning in our hearts with love, faithfulness, and loyalty with one another. She may not tell that she do not want to be akin her mother but I know she does so I will took care of her and love her as my one and only in this unit wide world.While writing this paper, I also created a simple numbers for Shabnam that shows my love and admiration to her. I want to give her this poem as a sign of my love to her that will not fade until the day I die because I love her so much.I have searched for you,A long, long time ago.I thought I would never ever met,Someone who is like you.Now youre here with me,And hope will always be.The one I admire before,Today, tomorrow and forevermore.You make my heart sing,You make my life ring.You bring cheer in the sky,You bring colors in the dark.I want to be with you,I want to love you.I want to marry youSo please answer, I do.Work CitedFutral, Ann. Gemini with Libra. (2006) Retrieved August 27, 2007 from

Germany in Ww Essay

History Department Year 10 valet de chambre contend 1 World state of war 2 Written Research assigning The worn outnesses of Ger mores opp matchlessnts were every bit trustworthy for Hitlers military masteryes as his safety blitz maneuver between 1939-1941. The blitzkrieg manoeuvre were very effective during the southward World War exactly this was also partly pay equal to(p) to the incident that the Allied generals and tacticians were so incompetent. The occurrence that linebacker blitzing and the incompetency of opposition generals were equ altogethery trusty for Hitlers military successes is best sh give in his campaigns in Poland, France and Russia.In these conflicts the largest deciding factors were the Blitzkrieg play and the incompetency of the opposition generals. Blitzkrieg win the day in all of these conflicts but, as was carryn in the later geezerhood of the war, once the Allies had competent generals the Blitzkrieg play were foiled. One of Hitlers la rgest military successes between 1939 and 1941 was the campaign in Poland. The Campaign in Poland was an vastly easy victory for the Germany War machine. The Polish military was large and wholesome trained, but it was immensely outdated.They still had a large amount of cavalry regiments in t present army which were carry outly destroyed by German tanks. They had very few tanks of their own and those that they did commit were nonhing compared to the strength of the German Panzers. They had quite a large well trained infantry but many of them still used swords and their guns were completely outclassed by the German assault rifles. They also had a small and rather average channel force but this was made ancient by the larger and crack German lineage force.Also Poland is a flat country and it had few natural obstacles making it ideal tank country (Crisp, 1990) and therefore the double-dyed(a) target for Blitzkrieg. As well as the actual Polish army, the tactics and generals of the Polish were also very outdated. When the time came for battle The Polish Generals set up their army into the Standard and age old line formation. When the Armies met the Blitzkrieg tactics worked perfectly due to this arrangement and the Polish were overcomeed with ease.As shown here the Blitzkrieg tactics and fail Polish generals result were equally liable for Germanys success. As Peter Crisp said in his book, Blitzkrieg, geographically and strategically, Poland was the perfect target for a Blitzkrieg attack. (Crisp, 1990) The Blitzkrieg tactics were responsible for the actual win but if Poland had had more competent generals they had made get around defences for the Blitzkrieg style of attack and had ditched the cavalry and upgraded and enlarged their tank and air forces they would have been able to repel the Germans and their Blitzkrieg.That is why the Blitzkrieg tactics and weak opponents were equally responsible for Hitlers military success. Another of Hitlers u ntimely military success was his campaign in France, also known as operation Sicklecut. This is due to the way the main force was supposed to cattleman through a hole in cut defences and cut around like the cut of a sickle to attack the cut forces from the rear. The main french forces were supposed to be distracted be a indirect German force.This plan worked perfectly and the main German for Force besotted into the rear of the French force where together they pushed the French and supporting British armies into the coast in a thorough defeat. The Germans then pushed through to genus Paris where after a mass evacuation of the crumbling French forces Germany took control of Paris. This is a great example of the fact that Hitlers military success was due equally due to the Blitzkrieg tactics as the incompetency of his opposition.In the campaign in France the Blitzkrieg tactics were very effective, not on the dot beating the French army but spreading panic throughout the countr y and forcing the chain of command to crumble, but it could have and would have been defeat if it wasnt for the useless generals of the French army. The Panic caused by the Blitzkrieg tactics was a very effective weapon for the Germans, one unknown French soldier even recounted in his diaries that his saw own comrades running with their men over their heads not bothering to even return fire (Trueman, 2000) .The French had the capabilities to defeat the Germans and their Blitzkrieg tactics but they stuffed it up. Most of the Generals were veterans of the First World War and they were using the alike(p) tactics as they did then. Towards the end of his life put Petain, the commander-in-chief of the French armies, said aft(prenominal) the war of 1914-1919, it was finished for me. My military sense was closed. When I saw the introduction of other tools and other methods I must(prenominal) say they didnt interest me, (Crisp, 1990) showing exactly the attitude of the French milit ary leadership at the start of the War.This allowed the Germans to defeat them with ease. They recollectd that the Germans would use the same plan that they used in the First World War and easy were defeated by the superior tactics of the Germans and when the Germans continued their advance through France and were bearing upon Paris in a matter of the days the French Leadership started to breakdown. If the French generals had been more competent they could have used their own tanks and air force more effectively and then the Germans would have been defeated and the French would have been successful.The Campaign in Russia, also known as Operation Barbarossa, named after the twelfth century Prussian King who was prophesied to wind from his grave and restore Germany to world power, is another great example of the fact that Hitlers military successes were equally due to his Blitzkrieg tactics and the deliberateness of his opposition. The Campaign in Russia started out as what seemed to be a complete annihilation. When Operation Barbarossa opened, on 22 June 1941, the Soviets were taken completely by surprise. (Crisp, 1990) The German army was rapidly advancing and defeating the Red Army with ease.The Red Army had huge numbers of men and many tanks and aircraft but most of these tanks were obsolete and the Air force was built mainly for tactical air support, not for air superiority. The main problem for the Red Army was the leader of Russia, Josef Stalin. After Stalin and his brutal Communist regimes murder of all of the elderly officers for political reasons and the strict constrictions placed on the remaining young and untried officers which meant there was no room innovation during the heat of battle departure the Red Army incredibly handicapped.At the beginning of operation Barbarossa Stalin refused to believe the invasion was really happening. He thought the attack was a irritation by a German commander acting independently of Hitler, and legitima te his frontline soldiers not to fire back (Crisp, 1990) . The fact that Hitlers military success required both a helplessness of Hitlers opposition and the Blitzkrieg tactics is best shown in the next part of the campaign in Russia. Once Stalin finally allowed his officers some flexibility and the winter allowed them to build many more of their new T-34 model tanks the Russians started to come back.After a conclusion of intense fighting, particularly around Stalingrad, the Germans were defeated and forced to retreat and as General Mellenthin of the Germans wrote with the failure of our supreme effort, the strategic initiative passed to the Russians. (Crisp, 1990) This shows how necessary the weakness of Hitlers enemies for his military success due to the fact that the second one of his enemies obtained good weapons, like the T-34, and successful leaders the Germans Blitzkrieg tactics were liquidate and they were defeated.The Blitzkrieg tactics and the weakness of Hitlers opp osition were equally responsible for Hitlers military success between 1939 and 1941 during the Second World War. Without the Blitzkrieg tactics the German Army simply would not have been able to defeat the Allied forces and without weaknesses of Germanys opposition the Blitzkrieg tactics would have been defeated by the superior enemy forces. The areas of the war which best show this are the campaigns in Poland, France and Russia. In all of these operations Blitzkrieg and low opposition played a major part.This is why the Blitzkrieg tactics and weak opposition were equally responsible for Hitlers Military success. Bibliography Crisp, P. (1990). Blitzkrieg. Wayland publishing. A very good inauguration. Lots of good information and quotes on all necessary areas. Deighton, L. (1979). Blitzkrieg. Pluriform Publishing. An very well source. Some good info but no quotes Trueman, C. (2000). Blitzkrieg. Retrieved May 2010, from History Learning Site http//www. historylearningsite. co. uk/b litzkrieg. htm A good source. non a lot of information but some good quotes alien Author/Date.Barbarossa. Retrieved May 2010, from World War 2 Database http//worldwar2database. com/html/barbarossa. htm A good source. Not many quotes but a good source of info Unknown Author/Date. France. Retrieved May 2010, from World War 2 Database http//worldwar2database. com/html/france_40. htm A good source. Not many quotes but a good source of info Unknown Author/Date. Blitzkrieg. Retrieved May 2010, from World War 2 Database http//www. 2worldwar2. com/blitzkrieg. htm A alright source. Not many quotes and an alright source of info W

What Integrity Means

The term wholeness is considered ambiguous meat it has a number of different substances. Integrity is the most significant terms subprogramd in virtue ethics, practice of medicine, philosophy, for example. Integrity is used in the scientific and technological fields. Therefore, this term is a great deal puzzling and perplexing. Often, people use haleness as a synonym to moral trying to fate that person is take oning with integrity. However, researchers noted that people of integrity may act immorally, even if they are unaware of their immoral actions.Firstly, modern world suggests that some(prenominal) person is subjected to mevery conflicting desires and situations. Thus, integrity is defined as the index to make reasonable and valid judgments, conclusions about the richness and necessity of specific truenesss. Integrity suggests that a person should act out of the strongest desire and with retardation to choose between more or less desirable actions. In other words , integrity always suggests discriminating between important desires. For example, a student may discard studying preferring go to the party.In such(prenominal) situation student is not a person of integrity as higher order desire was endorsed over fun. Person of integrity realizes the importance of first-order desires and he wont fall victim to conflicting desires. Further, integrity is defined as ability to resist genuine temptation meaning that a person is ready successful integrate the self. Secondly, in reckoner and related sciences integrity means that computer database is able to maintain king and resist to errors, integrity of defense systems suggests that system isnt breached.Thirdly, in music, melodious work has integrity if its musical structure is provided with completeness which is coordinated and has related music ideas. Simply saying, integrity in music means that music typography is whole, intact and pure. Fourthly, Integrity is associated with geography. Then, p eople may destine of integrity of natural state region, different existing ecosystems, art kinds and forms, and even people may think of computerized integrity. Integrity is applied broadly to the objects and it suggests the qualities of purity and wholeness an object.These meanings are often applied to people. Speaking about regions, integrity means that a region isnt corrupted by negative effects of development and its advances. kingdom of integrity suggests wilderness and uncorrupted or virgin. Finally, intellectual, professional and artistic integrity are often spoken about. Nevertheless, integrity has found its application mostly in philosophy meaning humans general character. In philosophy, when a person acts with integrity on a particular subprogram it means that integrity is explained as broader feature of person character.There is a claim that person should possess integrity. Integrity suggests that a person is in harmony with himself, that he acts either morally or i mmorally. It means that integrity is applied equally to people things because integrity suggests a way to abide by the self uncorrupted. Integrity is often associated with commitment, and some researchers stress that the term commitment is used to cover intentions and promises of human expectations and, what is more important, human trusts.It means that any person may be committed to different kinds of things at the aforesaid(prenominal) time. Such person is integrated person. Summing up, integrity is found in many a(prenominal) aspects of humans life. Integrity is defined as personal virtues meaning that persons ability to take care of the self shows whether a person is integrated. Moreover, persons of integrity treat equally other peoples matters. Abilities to overcome temptation and to subordinate first-order and second-order desires are considered the keys for a person to be considered of integrity.

Going to war with Mexico was Justified Essay

dismisst decide if the unite States going to war with Mexico was reassert or not justified? It after part be a struggle to decide. Mexico won its independence from Spain in the nineteenth century. Spain controlled most of Central America. Due to the super low population for such territorial extension, Mexico relaxed its immigration policies, as a result, allowing American settlers to help populate the northern territories. Their conditions to settle were self-explanatory. Now what do think? The United States was justified in going to war with Mexico. The United States was justified in going to war with Mexico because, of the Manifest Destiny, Mexico robbed the United States citizens, and the U.S. treasured to extend slavery and land. One reason the Mexican war was justified was because of the Manifest Destiny. (Doc A) When were welcoming Mexicans into the Texas territory, theyre keeping the U.S. from expanding. America sham land because of our massive population. Mexicos gov ernment is so deprived that they cant keep California.If Mexico cant afford California, how will they even out afford Texas? America will eventually stand California, but thats not enough for our evolution population. This try shows the U.S. was justified in going to war because Mexico cant control the land they already have America has more population than Mexico, the U.S. should have more land. A plump for reason the Mexican War was justified was an invasion that Mexico has passed the boundary of the U.S. (Doc B) jam Polk, an American Political wrote to the Senate and House of Representatives that was a war message from the President. pile informed the Senate & House of Representatives to order an efficient military to take position on the Rio Grande to meet a threatened invasion of Texas by the Mexican forces. Mexican troops were preparing to cross the river.This evidence shows the U.S. was justified in going to war with Mexico because Mexico had killed and injured sixte en Americans, also, Mexico had passed the boundary of the United States , invaded our their territory, and stray American blood upon the American soil. A third reason the Mexican War was justified was an invasion robbery. (Doc D) Charles Sumner, an American political and young terra firma legislator from Massachusetts who later served twenty-four years in the U.S. While citizens from the U.S. travel into Texas to prove that it needs to be a part of the U.S., Mexico robbed them. Mexico and the U.S. both treasured Texas, but instead, the U.S. moved without letting Mexico know therefore they robbed the citizens of the United States.This evidence shows the U.S. was justified in going to war with Mexico because they did something so immature, only the Mexicans would do it. The United States in going to war with Mexico was justified. Many of those have died try to receive the land of Texas. (Doc A) America should have more land because of our developing population, meanwhile, Mex ico doesnt even half nearly as the occupants that the U.S. has. Its meaningful that the U.S. was justified or not in going to war with Mexico because iodin of them will have Texas. Its important today because Texas enlarged leash of the United States nation. Plus, if Mexican had won The Mexican War, the United States wouldve been slight powerful than it is today. http//voices.yahoo.com/the-significance-mexican-american-war-285493.html

Philippine Literature Essay

literary industrial plant 1. composings is the cunning of indite inclines, and is not bound to publish sources. The word literary deeds sourceity acquaintance with letters. The two near basic pen literary categories accommodate prevarication and non fiction. a) Etymology- late 14c. , from L. lit(t)eratura learning, constitution, grammar, origin exclusivelyy create verbally formed with letters, from lit(t)era letter. primitively book learning (it re fargon(p) O. E. boccr?ft), the core literary production or fix is basic-year attested 1779 in Johnsons Lives of the slope Poets (he didnt include this definition in his dictionary, how of all time) that of body of opuss from a period or volume is first save 1812. b) Types * An epic is a lengthy memoir poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of wondrous kit and caboodle and events significant to a farming or nation. * Lyric poetry is a form of poetry that expresses personal and emot ional feelings.In the past world, dustup poems were meant to be played to the lyre. Lyric poems do not arrive at to frost, and straight off do not need to be set to music or a beat. * Drama is the specific mode of fiction represended in performance. The term keep abreasts from a Greek word meaning action , which is derived from to do. * papisticalce or chivalric romance is a style of heroic prose and verse communicative that was hot in the aristocratic circles of High chivalrous and Early Modern Europe.* Satire is primarily a literary literary genre or form, although in practice it can excessively be ensn be in the graphic and performing nontextual matters in which vices, follies, abuses, and brusk-changecomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement. * Comedy is any humorous dialogue intended to amuse, in television, film, and stand-up comedy. * Tragedy is a form of art found on human suffering that offers its audience pleasure. 2. literary Forms base on Filipino Historical Period a) Ancient Literature of phratry Literature.Compared to other S extinctheast Asian countries, the Philippines has very few artifacts that show secern of writing. It is k nowadaysn that the Philippines transferred information by word of mouth so it is not a surprise to know that literacy only became general in 1571 when the Spaniards came to the Philippines. just now the too soon account book used by the Filipinos called Baybayin or Alibata became widespread in Luzon. The Spaniards recorded that slew in Manila and other positions wrote on bamboo or on specially prepared palm leaves, using knives and styli.They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17 basic symbols, three of which were the vowels a/e, i, and o/u. distri aloneively basic consonantal symbol had the inherent a sound ka, ga, nga, ta, da, na, pa, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, and ha. A dia unfavourable mark, called kudlit, mod ified the sound of the symbol into antithetic vowel sounds. The kudlit could be a dot, a inadequate line, or even an arrowhead. When placed to a higher place the symbol, it changed the inherent sound of the symbol from a/e to i placed below, the sound became o/u.Thus a ba/be with a kudlit placed above became a bi if the kudlit was placed below, the symbol became a bo/bu. Owing to the works of our own archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, we are able to know much and snap off judge information near Philippine pre-colonial clocks set against a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers of the past. Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase the Philippines rich past finished their household sayings, home songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances.The most originative of these folk sayings is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in I capaciousgo and patototdon in Bicol. on that point are as closely proverbs or aphorisms that express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or values by offering nuggets of wisdom in abruptlyly, rhyming verse. The folk song, is a form of folk lyric which expresses the commits and aspirations, the peoples smellstyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and dewy-eyed as in the childrens songs or Ida-ida (Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag).A few examples are the lullabyes or Ili-ili (I languishgo) love songs wish the panawagon and balitao (Iprospicientgo) harana or do (Cebuano) the bayok (Maranao) the seven-syllable per line poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and also serve as tools for teaching the young work songs that depict the nutrition of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song), the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song, and the verbal jousts/games corresponding the duplo popular during wakes.The folk narratives, such as epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They were created to explain the phenomena of the world long to begin with science came to be cognise. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals get certain characteristics, why about places nonplus waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or zoological science and, in the case of legends, the origins of things. Fables are about animals and these teach moral lessons. The epics come in various names Guman (Subanon) Darangen (Maranao) Hudhud (Ifugao) and Ulahingan (Manobo).These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. They are performed during feasts and special occasions such as harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Il ocano) Hinilawod (Sulod) Kudaman (Palawan) Darangen (Maranao) Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo) Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from TuwaangManobo) Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon) and Tudbulol (Tboli).b) Philippine Literature under Spanish Period The arrival of the Spaniards in 1565 brought Spanish culture and spoken expression. The Spanish conquerors, governing from Mexico for the crown of Spain, established a strict split system that was based on race and soon imposed Roman Catholicism on the native population. While it is true that Spain subjugated the Philippines for much mundane reasons, this former European power contributed much in the formative and recording of our literature.Religion and institutions that represented European civilization enriched the languages in the lowlands, introduced field of force which we would come to know as komedya, the sinakulo, the sarswela, the playlets and the drama. The natives, called indio, loosely wer e not taught Spanish, but the bilingualist individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry write in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Literature from this period may be classified as ghostly prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry.Religious lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were include in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language. Another type of religious lyrics is the meditative verse like the dalit appended to novenas and catechisms. It has no fixed meter nor rhyme scheme although a material body are written in octo-syllabic quatrains and wipe out a solemn tone and spiritual subject matter. Secular works appeared alongside historical and economic changes, the emergence of an opulent class and the midsection class who could avail of a European education.This Filipino elite could now read printed works that used to be the exclusive domain of the relegat ingaries. The most notable of the secular lyrics followed the conventions of a romantic tradition the languishing but sure lover, the elusive, often heartless beloved, the rival. The leading poets were Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Sisiw) and Francisco Balagtas. Some secular poets who wrote in this same tradition were Leona Florentino, Jacinto Kawili, Isabelo de los Reyes and Rafael Gandioco. Another popular type of secular poetry is the metrical romance, the awit and korido in Tagalog.The awit is set in dodecasyllabic quatrains while the korido is in syllabic quatrains. An example of this is the Ibong Adarna (Adarna Bird). on that point are numerous metrical romances in Tagalog, Bicol, Ilonggo, Pampango, Ilocano and in Pangasinan. The awit as a popular poetic genre reached new high in Balagtass Florante at Laura (ca. 1838-1861), the most storied of the countrys metrical romances. Again, the winds of change began to blow in 19th century Philippines. Filipino intellectuals educa ted in Europe called ilustrados began to write about the downside of colonization.This, coupled with the simmer calls for reforms by the masses inspired a formidable force of writers like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, female horseno Ponce, Emilio Jacinto and Andres Bonifacio. This led to the formation of the Propaganda Movement where prose works such as the policy-making essays and Rizals two semipolitical novels, Noli Me Tangere and the El filibusterismo helped usher in the Philippine revolution resulting in the downfall of the Spanish regime, and, at the same date planted the seeds of a national intellect among Filipinos.But before Rizals political novels came, the novel Ninay (1885) by Pedro Paterno, which was largely cultural and is considered the first Filipino novel. Although Paternos Ninay gave impetus to other novelists like Jesus Balmori and Antonio M. Abad to continue writing in Spanish, their efforts did not flourish. Other Filipino writers published the essay a nd short fiction in Spanish in La Vanguardia, El Debate, Renacimiento Filipino, and Nueva Era. The more(prenominal) notable essayists and fictionists were Claro M.Recto, Teodoro M. Kalaw, Epifanio de los Reyes, Vicente Sotto, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Rafael Palma, Enrique Laygo (Caretas or Masks, 1925) and Balmori who mastered the prosa romantica or romantic prose. c) Contemporary Literary Forms * Poetry is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. * A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. * Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance.1 The term comes from a Greek word meaning action, which is derived from to do. * A short reputation is a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. * A novella is a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novella but shorter than a novel. 3. Various Geographical sectio ns and Historical Periods and Literary writing style a) Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, and Cordillera Administrative Regions Pre-colonial Iloko literature were composed of folk songs, riddles, proverbs, lamentations called dung-aw, and epic stories in written or oral form.Ancient Ilokano poets expressed themselves in folk and state of struggle songs as well as the dallot, an improvized, versified and at times impromptu long poem delivered in a sing-song manner. During the Spanish regime, Iloko poetry was generally copy after Spanish models. In fact, the soonest known written Iloko poems were the romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez, an Augustinian friar who, in 1621, published his own Iloko interpretation of the Doctrina Cristiana by Cardinal Bellarmine, the first book to be printed in Iloko.A try of Iloko poetry could be found in the Gramatica Ilokana, published in 1895, based on Lopezs Arte de la Lengua Iloca, earlier published in 1627, but was probably written befo re 1606. Some Iloko writers credit Pedro Bucaneg, who collaborated with Lopez in the edition of the Doctrina into Iloko, for having been the first known Ilokano poet, and as the Father of Ilokano Poetry and Literature. Bucaneg, blind since childhood, authored the popular epic known as Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) written in the 17th century.The earliest written form of the epic poem was disposed by Fr. Gerardo Blanco to Isabelo de los Reyes, who published it in El Ilocano from December 1889 to February 1890, with Spanish translation in prose, and also reprinted it in his El Folklore Filipino, under the title Vida de Lam-ang. Iloko literature developed in many modes. During the 18th century, the missionaries used religious as well as secular literatures among other means to advance their mission of converting the Ilokanos to Christianity.The century also saw the effect of religious works like Fr. Jacinto Riveras Sumario de las Indulgencias in 1719 and the Pasion, a translat ion of St. Vincent Ferrers sermons into Iloko by Fr. Antonio Mejia in 1845. The 19th century likewise saw the appearance of Leona Florentino, who has since been considered by some as the National Poetess of the Philippines. Her poems which have survived, however, appear to the modern reader as being too syrupy for comfort, too sentimental to the point of mawkishness, and dead devoid of form.Fr. Justo Claudio Fojas, an Ilokano secular priest who wrote novenas, prayerbooks, catechism, metrical romances, dramas, biographies, a Spanish grammar and an Iloko-Spanish dictionary, was Leona Florentinos contemporary. Isabelo de los Reyes, Leonas son, himself wrote poems, stories, folklore, studies, and seemingly interminable religious as well as political articles. The achievement of both Claudio Fojas and de los Reyes is possibly more significant than the critical reader of Iloko literature today is ready to admit.The comedia, otherwise known as the moro-moro, and the zarzuela were presente d for the first time in the Ilocos in the 19th century. The comedia, a passing picturesque presentation of the wars amid Christians and Muslims, and the zarzuela, an equally picturesque depiction of what is at once melodrama, comic-opera, and the skit interminably preoccupied with the eternal theme of boy-meets-girl-who-always-live-happily-ever-after-seemingly-impossible-odds are tacit as popular today as they were when first arranged in the Ilocos.The comedia was scripted from the corridos like Principe beginner Juan, Ari Esteban ken Reyna Hipolita, Doce Paris, Bernardo Carpio, Jaime del Prado. Marcelino Mena Crisologo helped popularize the zarzuela based on the culture and tradition of the Ilokanos particularly those in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. So did Pascual Agcaoili y Guerrero (1880-1958) of Ilocos Norte who wrote and staged Daguiti Agpaspasukmon Basi, and Isaias R. Lazo (1887-1983) of San Vicente, Ilocos Sur who wrote comedia and zarzuela. The year 1892 saw the printing for the f irst time of the first Iloko novel, written by Fr.Rufino Redondo, an Augustinian friar, entitle Matilde de Sinapangan. Another Iloko novel which was written before the end of the 19th century by one Don Quintin Alcid was Ayat, Kaanonto Ngata? (Love, When Shall it Be? ) Arturo Centeno of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, also wrote three novels titled Apay a Di Mangasawa? (Why Doesnt He Get Married? ), Dispensara and Padi a Puraw Wenno Naamo a Kibin (A W coine non-Christian priest or a Good Guide). The 20th century is relatively more intense in literary activity.Some of the literature in this period are Biag ti Maysa a Lakay, Wenno Nakaam-ames a Bales (Life of an doddering Man, or a Dreadful Revenge) by Mariano Gaerlan (1909) Uray Narigat no Paguimbagan ( advance Despite Obstacles) by Facundo Madriaga (1911) Mining Wenno Ayat ti Cararua (Mining or eldritch Love) by Marcelino Pena Crisologo (1914) Nasam-it ken Narucbos nga Sabong dagiti Dardarepdep ti Agbaniaga (Sweet and Fresh crown of a Tr avellers Dreams) by Marcos E. Millon (1921) Sabsabong ken Lulua (Flowers and Tears) by R. Respicio (1930) Apay a Pinatayda ni Naw Simon? (Why Did They Kill Don Simon? ) first known detective novel in Iloko by Leon C. Pichay (1935) Puso ti Ina (A makes Heart) by Leon C. Pichay (1936). When the Bannawag magazine, a sister publication of Liwayway, Bisaya and Hiligaynon, hit the streets on Nov. 3, 1934, Iloko literature reached a headland. Many Ilokanos started to write literary pieces. The early Bannawag short stories showed sustained growth. The short stories written in the 1920s were light imitations of equally poor American fiction. Early short story writers had very much no literary background in their attempts.The growth of the short story was not apparent until Bannawag resumed publication in 1947. Most of the stories published dealt with themes of war guerrilla activities, Japanese atrocities, murder, pillage and death. By the latter part of the decade, writers of different a ges emerged, and from their ranks came stories that were less verbose, tighter,and with more credible characterization than those written previously. While many articles have been written by Ilokanos and non-Ilokanos about the Ilocos Region, few scholarly studies have been conducted.Among these scholars were Leopoldo Y. Yabes of the University of the Philippines, who made a brief survey of Iloko literature in 1934. His findings showed that Iloko literature began with Pedro Bucaneg. In 1940, Thomas B. Alcid of the University of Santo Tomas made a study on the Iloko prose fiction and discussed the Iloko short story and the Iloko novel and their possibilities in Philippine literature. His study showed that the short stories and novels at that time were steady young and needed more improvement. In 1954, Mercedes F. Guerrero of the Manuel L.Quezon Educational Institution (now MLQU) made a masteral thesis titled small Analysis of the Outstanding Iloco Short Stories Published in the Bann awag from 1948 to 1952. Her findings showed that the Iloko stories offer a mine of information about the ideals and customs of the Filipino people. In the endanger of emotions and feelings, the Iloko author has been free or spontaneous in dealing with the life he portrayed. Most often he has been compassionate with his characters. He has tempered a wide variety of subjects that there is no important place of Filipino life that has not been depicted.There are stories on real trifling matters as well as their own nation-slaking subjects. These are stories about persons, about animals, about places and about events. Guerrero also found out that the Ilokano author served his society by 1. ) Preserving the ideals, customs and traditions of the people. 2. ) Bringing out the social consciousness of the eraits mood, conflicts, struggles, and rehabilitation. 3. ) Awakening mans sensibilities to the joys, sorrows, loves, hatreds and jealousies of the people. 4.) Casting away sectioned sent iments and prejudices and bringing about fuller understanding of the different ethnic groups. A related literature published by Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, junior in 1967, titled Dallang An Introduction to Philippine Literature in Iloko, discussed the traits and characteristics of the Ilokanos. Of their literature, he stated The Ilokano language is so highly developed as to have produced the greatest number of printed works in any Philippine language, next to Tagalog. Bannawag has played and still plays a major part in the development of Iloko literature.At present, it publishes poems (daniw), short stories (sarita), novels (nobela), essays (salaysay), comics, biographies, folktales and many others including what some call avant garde literary output. It is the only magazine where Ilokano writers hope to publish most of their writings. During the magazines infancy years in the 1930s, most of its contents were translations from the Liwayway magazine save a novel by Hermogenes F. Be len titled Nadaraan a Linnaaw (Blood-stained Dew) which was serialized in 1947. Other writers at that time included Benjamin M. Pascual, David D. Campanano, Godofredo S.Reyes, Benito de Castro, Jose P. Acance, Benjamin Gray, Marcelino A. Foronda,Jr. In the 1960s, poems, short stories and novels published by the Bannawag became betterin craftsmanship, development of plots and themes, among others. Writers by then, most of whom were college students and professionals, had a bigger subroutine library of literary books. To help in the development of the Iloko short story, Bannawag launched a writing contest in 1961. The judges were Prof. Santiago Alcantara of the National University, Prof. Angel C. Anden of the Manuel L. Quezon University, and Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr.of the De La Salle University-Manila. This contest lasted until 1970. One of the judges said the quality of Iloko short stories was competitive with those written in incline. Before the martial-law era, most of the p oems, stories and novels dwelt on political unrest and protests, like rallies and demonstrations by students, professionals and workers against the government. Ilokano writers have also published their works in foreign countries. One of the most popular authors of Ilocano ancestry foreign was the late Carlos Bulosan, a California immi subsidisation born to Ilokano parents in Pangasinan.And currently, the most internationally translated Filipino author is an Ilokano from Rosales, PangasinanFrancisco Sionil Jose, popularly known as F. Sionil Jose. He is famous for his Rosales saga, a five-novel work about an Ilokano clan, virtually documenting Philippine accounting from Spanish time to the years of the Marcos administration. The novels, translated in about 22 languages, are circulated and read around the world. Back hearthstone, many Iloko writers have won major prizes in the annual Palanca Awards, the most prestigious and most anticipated of all literary contests in the Philippine s.These famous winners names include Reynaldo A. Duque, Ricarte Agnes, Aurelio S. Agcaoili, Lorenzo G. Tabin, Jaime M. Agpalo Jr. , Prescillano N. Bermudez, William V. Alvarado, Maria Fres-Felix, Clarito G. Francia, Arnold Pascual Jose, Eden Aquino Alviar, Severino Pablo, Ariel S. Tabag, Daniel L. Nesperos, Roy V. Aragon, Danilo Antalan, Joel B. Manuel and others.b) Central Visayas Region Cebuano literature, as much as most literature of the Philippines, started with fables and legends of pre-colonial Philippines down to the Mexican (New Spain) and Spanish influences. Although existence of a pre-hispanical writing system in Luzon is attested, there is little proof that baybayin (sometimes erroneously called alibata) was widespread in the Visayas. Most of the literature produced during was oral.They were documented by the Spanish Jesuit Fr. Ignatio Francisco Alzinal. During Spanish times, the religious theme was predominant. Novenas and gozos, most notably the Bato Balani for th e Sto. Nino. The literature during this time was predominantly propagandistic. At this time, the Cebuanos were still seething with resentment at the American betrayal of their hopes and the new colonizers were retaliating with restrictions on the freedom of expressions.The first written Cebuano short story is Maming, by Vicente Sotto, The Father of Cebuano Literature. The story was published in the first issue (July 16, 1900) of his Ang Suga. Two years later Sotto wrote, directed, and produced the first Cebuano play, Elena. During the American period, Ang Suga became the mean(a) for publication of Cebuano writers. A community of writers slowly grow, to include the names of Florentino Rallos, Filomeno Veloso, Marcial Velez, Timoteo Castro, Segundo Cinco, Vicente Ranudo, Dionisio Jakosalem, Selestino Rodriguez, Filomeno Roble, Juan Villagonzalo, Leoncio Avila and Filemon Sotto.(Most of these people were recognized for their achievements by the generation right after them, as show by the use of their names for major streets of the City of Cebu, but their role in the furtherance of Cebuano culture is lost to subsequent generations. ) Four normal novels on the love theme written by popular writers during the American period would represent the pre-war writers subconscious but collective efforts in creating a common core of meanings and values in the face of new American culture.These are Felicitas by Uldarico Alviola in 1912, Mahinuklugong Paglubong Kang Alicia (The Sad Burial of Alicia) by Vicente Garces in 1924, Apdo sa Kagul-anan (Bitterness of Sorrow) by Angel Enemecio in 1928-1929, and Ang Tinagoan (The Secret) by Vicente Rama in 1933-1934.While Felicitas and Paglubong assert the value of marital fidelity and Apdo that of fair(prenominal) chastity, Tinagoan challenges the emergent value that tolerates divorce. Such novels were seen as fictionalized renditions of their writers stand or traditions and practices which were subjected to fight in the school st age and within the pages of periodicals.The pre-war period in the Philippines is sometimes referred to as the Golden Age of Vernacular Literature, with the 1930s marking a boundary between two kinds of popular writing the predominantly propagandistic and the more commercialized escapist literature that proliferated since the Commonwealth. In the year 1930, Bisaya Magasin started publishing. In 1936 Cebuano writers started publishing anthologies readers engaged in amateur literary criticism and complaints of plagiarisation livened up the weekly news. Periodicals that featured creative writing mushroomed, although most of these were short-lived.The generally considered first feminist Cebuano novel, Lourdes by Gardeopatra G. Quijano was serialized in the period May 26 to September 23, 1939 in Bag-ong Kusog (literary New Force), the most popular pre-war periodical. It has been predicted by no less than the late novelist and Philippine National Artist for Literature N. V. M. Gonzalez th at Philippine literature in English will die, leaving the regional literature (Ilokano, Waray, etc. ). In the case of Cebuano literature, this has been the case. Some of the prominent writers and poets in the Visayas and Mindanao who used to write in English have shifted to Cebuano.Among them are Davao-based Macario Tiu, Don Pag-usara, and Satur Apoyon, and Cebu-based Ernesto Lariosa (a Focus Philippines Poetry Awardee in 1975) and Rene Amper (a two-time Palanca awardee for English poetry. These giants of Cebuano literature are now regularly contributing to Bisaya Magasin their shift to Cebuano writing has influenced young Cebu and Mindanao-based writers in English to follow suit (among them are Michael Obenieta, Gerard Pareja, Adonis Durado, Januar Yap, Delora Sales, Cora Almerino and Raul Moldez). In 1991, Cebuano poet Ernesto Lariosa authoritative a grant from the Cultural Center of the Philippines.He used the grant to introduce the 4-s in Cebuano poetry social sense, sound and story. The language he used was slack, devoid of strong metaphors. He used the language of the home and of the streets. Writer-scholar Dr. Erlinda Alburo, director of the Cebuano Studies Center of the University of San Carlos noted in a forum sponsored by the universitys theater guild in 2003 that the young writers (those given above) have given a new voice to Cebuano fiction. They have introduced modern writing styles, experimented with the Cebuano language and explored themes which have never been elaborated before by their predecessors.There are now emerging number of publications featuring fiction and poetry in Cebuano. The ownership of the de-facto literary journal, Bisaya Magasin, was transferred from the Chinese-owned Liwayway make, Inc. to Napoleon Ramas Manila Bulletin Publishing in 2003, ushering a change in layout, acceptance policies, and an increase in contributors fees. Aside from the reinvigoration of Bisaya Magasin, Cebu-based publishing houses have also started tab loids in the language (Banat intelligence operation of Freeman Publications and SunStar SuperBalita of SunStar Publications).This tabloids have bigger circulation than their English counterparts. There are also unconfirmed reports that Dr. Mel M. Allego, a giant in Cebuano literature, will be go from the United States in 2007 and will start his own broadsheet in Cebuano. The U. P. National Writers Workshop every October and the Iligan National Writers Workshop every summer have reserved slots for Cebuano writers. In every edition of these workshops, there are Cebuano works that are being dissected or discussed by the panelists.In 1998, the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature opened the Cebuano short story category. c) Eastern Visayas Region Modern East Visayan literature, particularly Waray, revolves around poetry and drama produced between the 1900s and the present. The flourishing economy of the region and the appearance of topical anaesthetic anesthetic publications starting in 1901 with the publication of An Kaadlawon, the first Waray newspaper, saw the flourishing of poetry in Waray. In Samar, Eco de Samar y Leyte, a long running magazine in the 1900s, published articles and literary works in Spanish, Waray and English.A celebrated feature of this publication was its poetry section, An Tadtaran, which presented a series of satirical poems that attacked the changing values of the people at the time. Eco likewise published occasional and religious poems. In Leyte, An Lantawan, which has living copies from 1931 to 1932, printed religious and occasional poetry. It also published satirical poems of Bagong Katipunero, Luro, Datoy Anilod, Marpahol, Vatchoo (Vicente I. de Veyra), Julio Carter (Iluminado Lucente), Ben Tamaka (Eduardo Makabenta), and Kalantas (Casiano Trinchera). on a lower floor these pseudonyms, poets criticized corrupt government authoriseds, made fun of peoples vices, and attacked local women for adopting modern ways of social b ehavior.. With the organization of the Sanghiran San Binisaya in 1909, writers as well as the illustrados in the community banded together for the purpose of cultivating the Waray language. on a lower floor the leadership of Norberto Romualdez Sr, Sanghirans members had literary luminaries that included Iluminado Lucente, Casiano Trinchera, Eduardo Makabenta, Francisco Alvarado, Juan Ricacho, Francisco Infectana, Espiridion Brillo, and statesman Jaime C.de Veyra. For a time, Sanghiran was prudent for the impetus it gave to new writing in the language. The period 1900 to the late mid-fifties witnessed the finest Waray poems of Casiano Trinchera, Iluminado Lucente, Eduardo Makabenta, and the emergence of the poetry of Agustin El OMora, Pablo Rebadulla, Tomas Gomez Jr. , Filomeno Quimbo Singzon, Pedro Separa, Francisco Aurillo, and Eleuterio Ramoo. Trinchera, Lucente, and Makabenta were particularly at their best when they wrote satirical poetry.The growing acceptance of English as o fficial language in the country strengthened these writers loyalty to the ethnic puzzle tongue as their medium for their art. The publication of Leyte News and The Leader in the twenties, the first local papers in English, brought about the increasing legitimization of English as a medium of communication, the gradual displacement of Waray and eventual disappearance of its poetry from the pages of local publications. Where local newspapers no longer served as vehicles for written poetry in Waray, the role was assumed by MBCs DYVL and local radio stations in the seventies.Up to the present time, poetry sent to these stations are written mostly by local folk farmers, housewives, lawyers, government clerks, teachers, and students. A common quality of their poetry is that they tend to be occasional, didactic, and traditional in form. The schooled writers in the region, unlike the local folk poets, do not write in Waray nor Filipino. Most of them write in English although lately there has been a romantic return to their ethnic incur tongue as the medium for their poetry. Waray drama was once a fixing of town fiestas.Its writing and presentation were usually commissioned by the hermano city manager as part of festivities to entertain the constituents of the town. Town fiestas in a way sustained the work of the playwright. In recent years, this is no longer the case. If ever a play gets staged nowadays, it is essentially drawn from the pool of plays written earlier in the tradition of the hadi-hadi and the zarzuela. According to Filipinas, an authority on the Waray zarzuela, the earliest zarzuela production involved that of Norberto Romualdez An Pagtabang ni San Miguel, which was staged in Tolosa, Leyte in 1899.The zarzuela as a dramatic form enthralled audiences for its musicality and dramatic action. Among the noteworthy playwrights of this genre were Norberto Romualdez Sr. , Alfonso Cinco, Iluminado Lucente, Emilio Andrada Jr. , Francisco Alvarado, Jesus Igna cio, Margarita Nonato, Pedro Acerden, Pedro Separa, Educardo Hilbano, Moning Fuentes, Virgilio Fuentes, and Agustin El OMora. Of these playwrights, Iluminado Lucente stands out in terms of literary accomplishment. He wrote about thirty plays and mos